Emotional Intelligence And The Effect It Has On Your Career

Enthusiastic Intelligence And The Effect It Has On Your Career Enthusiastic knowledge or (EQ) is turning into an unquestionable requirement have in the work power. Enthusiastic insight is having the option to comprehend and deal with your feelings just as comprehend the feelings of others. EQ has become a key with regards to achievement in the work place. Individuals with higher passionate knowledge will in general oversee pressure better and work together well with others. Numerous renowned CEOs that have high enthusiastic insight incorporate Jeff Bezos CEO of Amazon, Warren Buffett CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, and Indra Nooyi CEO of Pepsi. There are numerous advantages of having workers with high enthusiastic insight in the organization, for example, better and benefit. Here’s an incredible manual for understanding what is enthusiastic insight and how it very well may be valuable in the workplace.Source [BrightonSBM]

Pain: Understanding the Subjective, Objectively Essay -- Biology Essay

Torment: Understanding the Subjective, Objectively Torment is an all inclusive component of the human experience. Everybody, sooner or later in their lives, encounters torment in some structure. Torment has various causes, impacts, and is itself a profoundly mind boggling natural marvel. It additionally conveys with it significant passionate and social concerns. Agony can't be completely comprehended inside the setting of any one field of logical request. In fact, it must be inspected over a scope of orders, and besides considered corresponding to significant non-logical impacts, for example, enthusiastic reactions and social determinants. I led my investigations in regards to torment in view of the accompanying inquiry: to what degree is torment emotional? I saw a few roads of request as valuable in my investigations: they are (1) the extending strength in the clinical calling of agony the executives; (2) torment in people with spinal rope wounds (SCIs) and (3) torment encounters of kids. Analyzing these issues prompted the end that torment is in actuality an exceptionally emotional marvel. The way of thinking that you need to figure out how to live with torment is one that I will never comprehend or advocate, says Dr. W. David Leak, Chairman and CEO of Pain Net, Inc. (1). In fact, the idea that agony is a fundamental component of life, and that one must suffer torment to accomplish something positive (as passed on in the ubiquitous athletic mantra no torment, no increase) has educated our sense as a general public regarding how torment is to be managed. Recently, with expanding mindfulness in the medicinal services network that dealing with a patient's torment is a complex, yet critical part of their consideration, has society's perspective on torment and its administration started to change. Agony Management is itself a ne... ...duality as there are different elements that must be mulled over. An assessment of the development of the field of agony the board, torment in people with spinal line wounds (SCIs), and the dynamic of the youth involvement in torment gives proof that the passionate, mental, and social parts of torment necessitate that it be viewed as an abstract wonder. Refences This paper mirrors the examination and musings of an understudy at the time the paper was composed for a course at Bryn Mawr College. Like different materials on Serendip, it isn't planned to be definitive yet rather to help other people further build up their own investigations. Web joins were dynamic as of the time the paper was posted however are not refreshed. Contribute Thoughts | Search Serendip for Other Papers | Serendip Home Page http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/cgi-receptacle/remarks

TOEFL Speaking Question 3 on the New TOEFL (2019)

TOEFL Speaking Question 3 on the New TOEFL (2019) About Question ThreeHeres how TOEFL speaking question 3 works:First, you will read a short (100 words) article on an academic topic. You will have 45 seconds to read it.Next, you will hear a short lecture about the same topic. The lecture will illustrate it using either one or two examples.Finally, you will be asked to summarize the reading and lecture.You will be given 30 seconds to prepare, and 60 seconds to speak.Note that this is the same as question four on the old versionof the TOEFL.The ReadingThe reading is usually about a specific term or concept. It usually has a clear title and about five sentences that define the term and give some basic details. When I surveyed 500 students in October 2019, they said the most common topics were:Biology/Animals 60%Business/Marketing 20%Psychology/Learning 10%Art/History/Literature 10%The ListeningThe lecture is usually 1.5 minutes or 2 minutes long. It is about the same term or idea from the reading. Most of it will consist of one or two examples that demonstrate the term or idea. It could be an example from the personal life of the speaker. If there is just one example, listen for two parts (like cause/effect or before/after).The Question PromptThe question will look something like one of these:Describe what _____ is, and how the professor’s example illustrates this idea.Describe how the example of the ____ illustrates the concept of ____.Explain the concept of _____ using the examples of ____ and ____ given in the lecture.Using the examples from the lecture, explain the concept of ______.Answer TemplatesThe good news is that you can always use the same template to organize your answer to TOEFL speaking question three. Try using this one:Stating the Term or IdeaThe reading is about (TERM/CONCEPT)Give a Small Amount of Detail from the ReadingIt states thatTransitionThe professor elaborates on this by providing an example.The professor elaborates on this by providing two examples.First Example/First PartTo begi n with, he/she mentions thatSecond Example/Second PartNext, he/she says thatTips and TricksTry to use transitional phrases like “as a result,” “consequently, “moreover,” and “therefore.”Spend about 10-13 seconds summarizing the reading at most. Remember that most of your score is based on the listening summary.If you are a slow speaker, omit the small amount of detail part of the template.Use a mix of simple and compound sentences if possible.Paraphrase. Dont just copy the sources word for word.Sample Answer(this is based on a question from the official ETS practice set)State the Term or IdeaThe reading is aboutrevealing coloration.Give a Small amount of Detail from the ReadingIt states thatthis is a strategy used by certain animals to protect themselves. By suddenly revealing colorful parts of their body they can confuse predators and escape.TransitionThe professor elaborates on this by providing two examples.State the First Example or First PartTo begin with, he ment ions thatwhile the front wings of the peanut bug blend in with its environment, its back wings have very colorful spots. These back wings are usually closed, but when it is attacked by a predator it can quickly open them and reveal the colors. As a result, it is able to escape to safety.State the Second Example or Second PartNext, he says thathidden parts of the morpho butterfly’s wings are very shiny and can reflect sunlight. When a bird approaches the butterfly it suddenly flaps its wings to reflect light and confuse it. The bird can only see the light reflected from the wings, and therefore the butterfly is able to evade capture.Sign up for express essay evaluation today!Submit your practice essays for evaluation by the author of this website. Get feedback on grammar, structure, vocabulary and more. Learn how to score better on the TOEFL. Feedback in 48 hours.Sign Up Today

Water Pollution - 1198 Words

All over the world there are many different traces of water pollution. Water pollution is when there are traces of both biological agents and toxic chemicals. If these agents and chemicals bypass the usual number that is found in the water, it will become a threat. Having these chemicals in the water not only affects the human bodies but it also affects the environment. There are three different types of water pollution. The three different types of pollution are chemical, biological and radiological. Chemical water pollution occurs when workers whose job is to dispose of chemicals do not dispose of them correctly and dumps them into the water. There are eleven common types of chemical related water pollution. The first commonly found†¦show more content†¦This type of water pollution is mainly occurring when there is evidence improperly disposed of human and animal wastes and decaying organic materials in the water. Another type of water pollution is Radiological. Radiologic al water pollution is when radiation levels increases. This is caused by human activities. Although there are many types of water pollution there are many other effects of water pollution on the environment. Polluted water has many effects on the humans, animals and our environment. The majority of highly polluted water is in or around cities and towns across the world. This is because chemicals, garbage, etc. is constantly dumped in our bodies of water, without any thoughts of what the result may be. Places that are mainly known to practice illegal dumping is health centers, manufacturing companies, markets and schools. Pollution in water disrupts the natural habitats. Many animals that live in the various bodies of water end up dying because of the foreign pollutants. Fishes, birds, carbs, dolphins, etc. die and wash up at the seashore as a result. Once the pollutants such as lead and cadmium. The bigger sea animals eat the smaller ones and passes on the pollutants to the other an imals. This process affects the food chain as a continuing process. Due to water pollution many of our ecosystems have been affectedShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Water Pollution905 Words   |  4 Pages Pollution is a term applied to any environmental state or manifestation which is harmful or unpleasant to life, resulting from failure to achieve or maintain control over the chemical, physical or biological consequences or side effects of human scientific, industrial and social habits (Feugo, 2008; Anderson et al., 2005). From another perspective, water pollution refers to any physical, biological or chemical change in water quality that adversely affects living organisms and makes water unsuitableRead MoreThe Pollution Of Water Pollution1851 Words   |  8 PagesFresh Water Pollution WILLIAM WRIGHT GRANTHAM UNIVERSITY In this paper I will discuss one of the world’s problems which is the pollution of the Fresh Water Systems in the United States. I will show how the pollution of fresh water affects land, air and plant life to include humanity. When water is polluted it can affect all living things. Some of the human activities that can be affected is the drinking water, without fresh drinking water humans would not be able to surviveRead MoreWater Pollution Is the Contamination of Water Bodies2408 Words   |  10 PagesWater pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater). Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Contents [hide] †¢ 1 IntroductionRead MoreWater And Water Pollution1298 Words   |  6 PagesWhen a person is asked what water is, the first things that they say are; water is drinkable, used for showers, simple, washing, etc.. But people don’t really know how complex and important water is for our kind. Water is one of the most precious things we humans have, but we don’t realize it and we damage it without caring for the consequences. Water and water pollution are two things that we should all have in mind. Even though we see water as just a liquid, but there’s more to it than its formRead MoreWater Pollution2810 Words   |  12 PagesThesis Statement: Water pollution is bringing down the economy, destroys the beauty of nature, and causing harmful dreaded diseases and sickness in precious health of many individual. INTRODUCTION Water pollution progresses every day in our lakes, oceans, rivers, and other bodies of water that we see and use in many ways. Water is essential for all living things to survive, yet people still pollute it. Its pretty sad to be taking a trip to the beach with your family and you get there to seeRead MoreWater Pollution Is The Contamination Of Water2181 Words   |  9 Pagesfinal paper is water pollution, water pollution is the contamination of natural water bodies that contain many hazardous chemicals that can affect human health. This can have devastating consequences in the lower poorer countries around the world where there is no way for the people there to have access to fresh ,and clean water. That s why in this final essay it explains to the reader all of the hazardous ways you or your family could and even may be at risk for water pollution wherever you goRead MoreThe Air Pollution And The Water Pollution1790 Words   |  8 Pagesenvironments, specifically the air pollution and the water pollution. China began seeing an increase in cancer a few decades ago when their industrial movement began. Pollution from the factories seem to be the leading cause of cancer in the Chinese population. This is a major socioeconomic issue because in order to clean the environment, factories would be forced to close or relocate. Initially, the Chinese government denied that cancer was a byproduct of pollution. Although recently they were forcedRead MoreThe Importance Of Water Pollution1575 Words   |  7 PagesWater pollution is a serious environmental issue worldwide. 1 Water is one of the most valuable resources on our planet; having clean water is vitally important for our survival. Here in the United States, the Clean Water Act of 1972 was very successful in reducing point sources of water pollution; however, it has been ineffective in reducing nonpoint sources of water pollution (Manuel, 2014). Nitrogen and phosphorous that originate from agricultural sources, such as manure and inorganic fertilizerRead MoreEssay On Water Pollution1200 Words   |  5 PagesWater is one of the most needed elements for survival on Earth. All organisms contain it, drink it or live in it. Water pollution has been an increasing problem for many generations. Pollution has been around for more than a century, but people did not believe that it was a real threat until it became more aggressive over the years. Pollution comes in many forms such as agricultural, runoff, industrial, sedimentary, animal wastes, etc. For example, many industries began using synthetic materialsRead MoreCharlestons Water Pollution921 Words   |  4 Pagesovercome with pollution. This Pollution travels to the oceans and to the shores of South Carolina’s beaches. The water is affecting Charleston’s harbor but ho usehold water, local businesses, and marine life in the area. Water pollution should not be looked over and needs to be taken care of before it gets worse. More and more ways are being discovered to help treat water pollution around the world, but what needs to happen is to stop the pollution. Around the world water pollution is a definite

Picture Glossary of Geological Landforms

The Earth has a diverse landscape of made up of many different landforms. These landforms have been shaped by everything from humans to weather and even the shifting of the tectonic plates. These stunning photos of each landform type will help illustrate the wonders of nature all around us. Depositional Landforms Depositional Landforms  are  built up by movement of material, usually sediment. Alluvial Fan—Where sediment spills from hills into piles on plains. Bajada—Apron of debris built of many alluvial fans. Bar—Sediment piled across the mouth of a river or bay. Barrier Island—Long sandy bar that guards the coast. Beach—Sandy shore between land and sea. Delta—Where sediment fills the mouth of a river. Dune—Pile of fine sand built by the wind. Floodplain—Wide muddy flats flanking a river. Landslide—Sediment deposit created by mass movement. Lava Flow—Building block of volcanoes. Levee—Natural berm along a river, rarely seen today. Mud Volcano—Edifice built by eruptions of gas-charged sediment. Playa—Dry lake bed, typically dusty or salty. Spit—Bar or barrier island growing offshore into open water. Terrace—Ancient bench built into a vanished lake. Tombolo—Sandbar joining two pieces of land. Tufa Tower—Limy growth exposed as a mineral lake subsides. Volcano—Mountain that grows from the inside up. Special Galleries: Landslides, Tombolos, Mud Volcanoes Erosional Landforms Erosional Landforms  are carved by the forces of erosion. Erosion is when landmasses are shaped by water. Arch—Short-lived natural bridges of stone. Arroyo—Flat-floored streambed typical of deserts. Badlands—Mazelike area of strong stream dissection. Butte—Narrow table mountain or abruptly rising stone hill. Canyon—Large, steep-walled rocky valley. Chimney—Column of rock standing in the water off a beach. Cliff—Precipitous rock face of various heights. Cirque—Mountainside bowl shaped by a glacier. Cuesta—Ridge of hard rock beds that slope gently. Gorge—High-walled rocky valley cut by vigorous waters. Gulch—Steep and narrow ravine eroded by flash floods. Gully—Small channel cut into a soft material. Hanging Valley—Stream bed that ends in a waterfall. Hogback—Ridge of hard rock beds that slope steeply. Hoodoo—Tall rock column carved by desert erosion. Hoodoo Rock—Bizarre rock shape carved by desert erosion. Inselberg—Remnant rock knob typical of deserts. Mesa—Table mountain, steep-sided and flat-topped. Monadnock—Mountainous remnant of widespread regional erosion. Mountain—Large, rocky hill with a peak. Ravine—Narrow, rocky valley carved by water. Sea Arch—Arch cut by ocean waves. Sinkhole—Collapsed ground where underlying rock has been removed. Tor—Rounded rocky knob unearthed from an underground origin. Valley—In general, low ground with high ground around it. Volcanic Neck—Solid lava core of a former volcano. Wash or Wadi—Streambed that is usually either dry or flooded. Water Gap—River valley that cuts through a rock ridge. Wave-Cut Platform—Rock surface cut flat by long exposure to surf. Yardang—Sediment shape carved by fierce desert winds. Tectonic Landforms Tectonic Landforms are made by movements of Earths crust such as earthquakes.   Escarpment—Large cliff usually made by faulting. Fault Scarp—Short-lived sign of earthquake displacement. Pressure Ridge—When push comes to shove, rock rises. Rift Valley—Formed by splitting lithospheric plates. Sag Basin—When pull comes to tug, rock falls. Shutter Ridge—High ground pulled sideways across a stream. Stream Offset—Disruption of a waterway by repeated fault motion.

Imagery in Winter’s Tale Free Essays

†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. It is time for Polixenes, King of Bohemia, to end his visit with his boyhood friend Leontes, King of Sicily. While the two kings prepare to bid farewell in a state room of the Sicilian palace, a Bohemian lord named Archidamus and a Sicilian lord named Camillo are in an antechamber discussing the extraordinary friendship between the two rulers. We will write a custom essay sample on Imagery in Winter’s Tale or any similar topic only for you Order Now Camillo, advisor to Leontes, observes that they were inseparable when growing up: â€Å"They were trained together in their childhoods; and there rooted betwixt them then such an affection, which cannot choose but branch now† (1. . 10). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Archidamus says nothing will ever come between the two kings. (His observation is an ironic foreshadowing of a terrible jealousy that will soon divide them. ) He also praises the Sicilian king’s little boy, Mamillius, as the finest of lads with the brightest of futures. (This, too, is an ominous observation. ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. In the state room, King Leontes presses King Polixenes to linger in Sicily one more week, but Polixenes begs off, worrying about â€Å"what may chance / Or breed† (1. 2. 15-16) in Bohemia in his absence. When Hermione, the beautiful wife of Leontes, joins her husband in importuning Polixenes to extend his visit, he agrees to remain a while longer. Pulling him aside, she asks what his childhood was like with her husband. Polixenes replies, We were, fair queen, Two lads that thought there was no more behind But such a day to-morrow as to-day, And to be boy eternal. (1. 2. 78-81) When Hermione asks about their childhood adventures, Polixenes says, We were as twinn’d lambs that did frisk i’ the sun, And bleat the one at the other: what we chang’d Was innocence for innocence; we knew not The doctrine of ill-doing, nor dream’d That any did . . . . (1. 2. 83-87) After Leontes learns that Hermione has persuaded Polixenes to stay, Leontes immediately regrets extending Polixenes’s welcome, for the friendly conversation between his wife and Polixenes has envenomed him with jealousy. Apparently, Polixenes has an unduly suspicious eye. Perhaps Polixenes and his wife have become too close, Leontes thinks; perhaps they have been meeting in secret. He even begins to wonder whether his son, Mamillius, is the the product of a tryst in an earlier time between Hermione and Polixenes. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Later, suspicion builds upon suspicion. In a conversation with Camillo, the king openly accuses his wife of infidelity. Camillo, shocked, says the king sins gravely in speaking against her. The king replies, Is whispering nothing? Is leaning cheek to cheek? is meeting noses? Kissing with inside lip? stopping the career Of laughing with a sigh? (1. 2. 332-335) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Finally, he orders Camillo to bear a poisoned cup to Polixenes. Camillo tells the king he will perform the deadly mission, but then warns the Bohemian king that his life is in danger. During the night, Polixenes steals away. Camillo, estranged by Leontes’s behavior, accompanies Polixenes. Their sudden departure convinces Leontes his suspicions against Hermione are well founded. Angry and bitter, he publicly denounces his wife, who is soon to have another child, as an adulteress. After imprisoning her, he deprives her of the company of little Mamillius. Hermione pleads her innocence, to no avail. She is guilty; Leontes is certain of it. To confirm her guilt for others, he sends two lords, Cleontes and Dion, to the Oracle at Delphi, Greece, to request a judgment. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ After Hermione bears a daughter, her servant, Paulina, presents the infant to Leontes, hoping the sight of the little girl will quench his anger. However, wrathful as ever, Leontes disowns the child–believing it is not his own–and orders Paulina’s husband, Antigonus, to abandon it in a far-off place. Leontes then subjects Hermione to a public trial. With utmost dig nity and grace, she proclaims her innocence, declaring she has always been faithful to Leontes. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. During the trial, Cleontes and Dion return from Delphi with a sealed verdict from the great Oracle. An official of the court breaks the seal and reads the verdict: â€Å"Hermione is chaste; Polixenes blameless; Camillo a true subject; Leontes a jealous tyrant; his innocent babe truly begotten; and the king shall live without an heir, if that which is lost be not found† (3. 2. 134). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Leontes rejects the verdict and orders the trial to continue. A servant interrupts the proceedings with tragic news: Prince Mamillius, pining for his jailed mother’s love, has died. The news staggers Leontes, and Hermione collapses. Suddenly realizing how wrong he as been, Leontes tells Hermione’s attendants to treat her gently when they escort her from the courtroom. Later, Leontes receives another shock: Hermione, too, has died. Profoundly moved, the king laments his vengeful deeds and goes off to mourn. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. What of the newly born child, the infant princess? As instructed, Antigonus leaves her in a far-off place, the coast of Bohemia, along with certain effects, including a note identifying the infant as â€Å"Perdita,† a name that came to Antigonus when he imagined he saw Hermione in a vision. But before Antigonus can return to his ship, a bear attacks and kills him and an angry sea wrecks the ship and swallows it and all aboard. Consequently, no one is left to report the fate of the child. A clown, the son of a 67-year-old shepherd, witnessed the bear attack and gives a report to his father, who discloses news of his own: He has found a baby girl on the coast along with a â€Å"bearing cloth† and gold. Sixteen Years Pass †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Shakespeare updates the audience on important developments through a speaker called Time. He tells the audience that Leontes now lives in seclusion and that the setting of the drama has shifted to Bohemia, where the son of Polixenes has fallen in love with a shepherdess. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. In Bohemia, Polixenes stews about his son, Florizel, because the young man frequently visits the house of an elderly shepherd to woo his beautiful sixteen-year-old daughter, Perdita. Because of her lowly status, she is unworthy of Florizel’s attentions, Polixenes believes. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Polixenes and Camillo, who has become the advisor of the king, decide to call at the shepherd’s house to observe Florizel and Perdita during a sheep-shearing and feast in which visitors are welcome. They wear disguises. Also present are the old shepherd and his son; a shepherdess, Mopsa (who hopes to marry the shepherd’s son) and her friend, Dorcas; and a thief, Autolycus, who has presented himself as a seller of ballads after arriving while singing a song. Earlier, Autolycus had picked the clown’s pocket on a road near the shepherd’s cottage. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. When Polixenes discovers that Florizel plans to marry Perdita, Polixenes reveals his identity and threatens retaliation against anyone who abets the wedding plans. Sympathizing with the lovers, Camillo persuades them to abscond to Sicily. Later, at Camillo’s request, Autolycus assists in the escape plan by gladly trading his shabby clothes with the princely garb of Florizel. Dressed as a commoner, Florizel will be able to avoid detection on his way to a ship. Before returning to the palace, Camillo tells the audience in an aside that he will provoke Polixenes into following the lovers. His purpose is not to betray the lovers; rather, it is to go with Polixenes to Sicily, for which Camillo has been homesick these many long years in Bohemia. His scheme works and Polixenes prepares to follow the lovers in his own ship. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Elsewhere, the old shepherd and his son are on their way to see Polixenes at his palace. The shepherd carries a box containing keepsakes of Perdita from long ago. These objects, he believes, will prove that Perdita is not his daughter and, thus, enable him and his son to escape the king’s wrath. On their way, they meet Autylocus, still dressed in Florizel’s clothes; they think he is a royal personage. When he says the king is about to embark on a ship to chase Florizel and Perdita, they offer him gold to take him to the ship and speak for them. But because he is not who he says he is, he takes them to Prince Florizel’s ship. All of them–Florizel, Perdita, Autolycus, the old shepherd, and his son–then set sail for Sicily ahead of the king’s ship. Many days pass while the ships are at sea. The setting then shifts to Sicily. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. When Florizel and Perdita arrive at the palace of Leontes and wait for an audience with him, a gentleman of the court informs the king of their presence, announcing them as the Prince and Princess of Bohemia. He says the princess is the most beautiful creature he has ever seen. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. After they are escorted into the court, Florizel greets Leontes on behalf of his father, Polixenes, saying an infirmity prevented Polixenes from making the trip himself. When Leontes inquires about the lovely Perdita, Florizel describes her as the daughter of a Libyan lord. He and the princess sojourned in that African country, he says, before sailing to Sicily to carry out a mission for his father. While Leontes visits with the young couple, all of the others from Bohemia assemble at the court: the old shepherd, his son, and Autolycus, as well as the travelers from the other ship–King Polixenes and Camillo. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Leontes, now a reformed man who is deeply sorry for his past misdeeds, reconciles with Polixenes and Camillo. The old shepherd and his son then reveal the contents of the mysterious box of keepsakes. It contains a â€Å"bearing-cloth† (3. . 77) Hermione had given to Antigonus. Leontes recognizes it as Hermione’s, unique because of a jewel on it. He also recognizes the handwriting in the note Antigonus left before a bear attacked and killed him. Just as convincing as these items identifying Perdita is the remarkable resemblance Perdita bears to Hermione. King Leontes joyfully reunites with his daughter and accepts Florizel as his future son-in-law; Polixenes accepts Perdita as his future daughter-in-law. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Leontes’s joy, though, is tinged with sadness, for he still grieves over the loss of Hermione. Paulina, the servant who sixteen years before pleaded on Hermione’s behalf, then invites Leontes to her house to show him a statue of Hermione, sculpted by an Italian master. While the royals and nobles are on their way to Paulina’s, Autolycus begs and receives the forgiveness of the old shepherd and his son for deceiving them back in Bohemia, then taking their gold and putting them on the wrong ship. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Upon viewing the statue at Paulina’s house, Leontes discovers that it is no statue; it is the real Hermione. She has been living in hiding with Paulina these many years praying for the return of her daughter. Paulina was afraid to disclose Hermione’s whereabouts for fear of interfering with the will of the Delphic Oracle, as expressed in the prediction that â€Å"the king shall live without an heir, if that which is lost be not found† (3. 2. 134). In other words, Leontes–if reunited earlier with Hermione–might have fathered another child. In so doing, he would have produced an heir before his lost child had been found. The will of the Oracle would have been defeated. When Perdita appears, Hermione rejoices and invokes the gods to bless her child. The joy of the occasion spills over to include a proposal by Leontes that Camillo and Paulina marry. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. And what of Mamillius, the little prince? Nothing can bring him back, but Leontes does have a new son in the person of Florizel. . Now Available†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Shakespeare: a Guide to the Complete Works†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. In Hardback Paperback By the Author of This Web Site . Plot Summaries of All the Plays and Narrative Poems | Themes | Imagery | Historical Background | Glossaries Shakespeare’s Theatre | Drama Terms | Essays | Analysis of the Sonnets | and Much More .. . Characters . Protagonist: King Leontes Antagonist: The King’s Jealousy and Suspicious Nature . Leontes: King of Sicilia (Sicily). He is a headstrong man who is at first guided more by emotions than reason. His unfounded suspicions against his wife, Hermione, an d his friend, King Polixenes, separate him from both of them and cause him to reject his infant daughter. His unjust actions also indirectly result in the death of his son, Mamillius. In many ways, he resembles the flawed protagonists of Greek tragedy; however, reforms himself before it is too late. Hermione: Honorable and loyal Queen of Sicilia. Polixenes: King of Bohemia. He opposes his son’s marriage to Perdita, believing her to be a commoner. Although he accepts Perdita at the end of the play, he does so only after he learns her true identity. Whether he has overcome his prejudice against commoners remains open to question. Perdita: Extraordinarily beautiful daughter of Leontes and Hermione. Florizel: Prince of Bohemia. Mamillius: Young prince of Sicilia. His death adds a tragic element to the play. Camillo: Upright advisor of King Leontes. After Leontes order him to poison Polixenes, Camillo returns with Polixenes to Bohemia and becomes his advisor. Old Shepherd: Reputed father of Perdita. He is 67 when the infant Perdita is found and 83 at the end of the play. Clown: The shepherd’s son. Autolycus: A comic thief and pedlar who assists Florizel and Perdita. Gaoler (Jailer) Paulina: Loyal attendant of Hermione. Antigonus: Kindly husband of Paulina. He rescues the infant Perdita and takes her to Bohemia. Cleomenes, Dion: Lords of Sicilia. Archidamus: A Lord of Bohemia. Mariner: Crewman of the ship that carries Antigonus and Perdita to Bohemia. Emilia: Lady attending Hermione. Mopsa, Dorcas: Shepherdesses. Rogero: Lord who tells other gentlemen that a prophecy by the Delphic Oracle has been fulfilled. Minor Characters: Other lords, gentlemen, ladies, officers, servants, shepherds, shepherdesses. . Settings . The action takes place in Sicily (or Sicilia) and Bohemia. Sicily is a large island west of the toe of Italy’s boot. Bohemia was a kingdom within the boundaries of the present-day Czech republic, between present-day Poland on the north and Austria on the south. In ancient times, a Celtic people called the Boii settled the land that became Bohemia. In The Winter’s Tale, Bohemia has a coastline along which ships arrive and debark. In real life, Bohemia was a landlocked region; it was entirely surrounded by terra firma. Shakespeare may have been a magnificent writer, but he was no geographer. .. Climax . The climax of a play or another narrative work, such as a short story or a novel, can be defined as (1) the turning point at which the conflict begins to resolve itself for better or worse, or as (2) the final and most exciting event in a series of events. The climax of The Winter’s Tale occurs, according to the first definition, when Leontes receives news of the death of his wife and son, then owns up to the grave sin he has committed in doubting the fidelity of his wife. According to the second definition, the climax occurs in the final act when Leontes reunites with his daughter, whom he abandoned when she was an infant, and with his wife, whom he thought was dead. How to cite Imagery in Winter’s Tale, Papers

Self Idenitity Essay Example For Students

Self Idenitity Essay Essay Option #5Self and IdentityThe better which a person develops an understanding of themselves and of the other people around them, the better able they will be able to develop intimate relationships. A person who has a negative model of self and has a negative model of others , otherwise known as Fearful, is going to shy away from attachment and be socially avoidant which obviously is going to affect the crisis of intimacy versus isolation. The example describes a person who is hesitant to make long term commitments and resists urges to display intimacy, but is capable of forming a dependency on him by the other in the relationship. A Preoccupied person has a negative self model and a positive model of others. They often tend to be overly dependent and ambivalent. The example suggests a person who might be shy and conservative but is capable of not displaying their awkward feelings to the other person. A Secure individual has a positive model of self and others. They are comforta ble with intimacy and autonomy and often do not have a difficult time in forming intimate relationships. The example describes this person as someone who is very capable of healthy relationships and good communication skills. It seems like a secure person has all the good qualities that any relationship requires. And finally, a Dismissing person has a positive model of self but a negative model of others. They are characterized by denying attachment and their counter dependency. All of the differences among the different models result from past experiences in the individuals life. How they were raised in terms of different parenting styles and methods of child raising affect an individuals internal working models of self and others. Attachment styles of Secure individuals are described as passionate and selfless. They have high levels of intimacy, passion and are very committed and able to be trusted. This reminds me of the perfect girlfriend. I dont see a lot of jealously and bizarre head games coming from a secure person. They are highly self confident and low on self consciousness with their partner. They tend not to fear being close to another person and yet are not likely to go out of their mind when things dont feel right. Avoidant people are known for their head games. They tend to be low in terms of intimacy, passion and commitment. This reminds me of a relationship my roomate has with his girlfriend. They are both madly in love with each other and yet all they do is fight over stupid little game they play with each other. Neither one of them are faithful to the other and they rarely speak encouragingly of their relationship. They are both very self conscious and yet still interdependent on each other fo r support. An Ambivalent person tends to be very possessive of other individuals in a relationship with them. They tend not to be very passionate and trustworthy in terms of commitment. As its described in the worksheet that they are high on pre occupation, dependence, and idealization. They are known to be self conscious and yet still willing to initiate intimate relationships. Differences in internal working models of self and others as well as differences in attachment styles can be accredited to various influences. For example secure individuals have memories of their parents being warm and affectionate while Ambivalent people tend to remember their father being unfair. Differences in attachment beliefs and attitudes such as the amount of self doubts and self worth one has and ones ability to understand others are obvious from secure to ambivalent. Secure people tend to feel that others are trustworthy and dependable while avoidant folks think that social situations are difficult to understand. And finally while avoidant people need to maintain distance in relationships, secure and ambivalent people desire intimate relationships but vary in degree of intimacy. These differences stem from the individuals perception of others and where he/she fits into reality. People act how they think they are suppose to, so their perception of reality is a major factor in determining how they act in , and while establishing intimate relationships. .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e , .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e .postImageUrl , .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e , .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e:hover , .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e:visited , .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e:active { border:0!important; } .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e:active , .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5698feb10067d2eaeb828c22e2ef5d6e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Effects Of HIV Mutations On The Immune System EssayIdentity achievement comes from many years of exploring different roles and personalities. Like we discussed in class individuals can change their attitudes and personalities almost daily. As the person is trying new things he/she is also taking cues form society as to which role or personality they fit best. How and individual perceives these cues will determine how they choose which personality or role is right for them. As we move from secure people to ambivalent we can see varying levels of self consciousness and self worth. These two characteristics are primary in forming intimacy. A persons internal working model s are directly affecting that persons ability to perceive reality which is essentially the struggle for identity. So as the characteristics of self and others as well as attachment styles, are approaching security, strength, worth, and importance the better able that person is at creating, maintaining, and enjoying themselves and others.

Evenin Air Blues

The poem Evenin’ Air Blues written by Langston Hughes was published in 1951. The poem consists of four six line stanzas or sestets. In the poem, a poor black man, who is probably an escaped slave, in a sad tone, speaks about the mismatch between the picture of Northern American states that existed among the Southern slaves and the reality in which although there is no slavery, living conditions are hard, and people can hardly makes their ends meet.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evenin’ Air Blues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first stanza of Evenin’ Air Blues is a sestet, and the rhyme scheme is â€Å"ababcb†. The rhyming words are â€Å"North†, â€Å"fine†, â€Å"months† and â€Å"mind†. The first two words are repeated two times each. He chose those particular words to emphasize the basic introductory information which is the location – Nort h, its alleged description – fine, the amount of time he spent there – months, and the effect it had on him – that he almost lost his mind. Some critics have pointed out that rhyming â€Å"fine† and â€Å"minds† is technically a really bad move, and that it takes away much of the poems quality (Tracy, 158). Repetition as a tool is used here to show how rumors about the life in the North are repeated almost like a mantra among the Southern slaves. The second stanza of the poem also consists of six lines with the rhyme scheme is â€Å"efefgf†. The words that carry the rhyme are â€Å"breakfast†, â€Å"air†, â€Å"supper† and â€Å"spare†, the first two of which are used twice. The most prominent words that carry the rhyme are related to food – â€Å"breakfast† and â€Å"supper†, and they are used alongside the word â€Å"air† which is associated with emptiness and void. By doing this, the poet achieves his goal of vividly describing the day-by-day struggle that all of the black people faced. The main tool here is literal image. Hughes uses it very effectively so the reader can almost feel his long days without food and shelter. The physical repetition of words parallels the sameness of days in his life. That way, we get the picture of the lack of basic existential necessities that the speaker faces. In the third stanza, we get somewhat different but simple rhyme scheme – â€Å"hjhjhj†, but the number of lines is the same as in the first two. The rhyming words in this stanza are â€Å"dancin’†, â€Å"away†, â€Å"stay†, and the first two are, again, repeated two times. The word â€Å"dancin’† is chosen and repeated to transfer the atmosphere of dance nights; â€Å"away† is used in order to show the effect dance has on his sadness, and â€Å"stay† is used to emphasize the permanence of his melanchol y only occasionally interrupted by dances. In this stanza, the reader is introduced to the idea of dance as an antidote to poverty and suffering in a big city. The main tool in this stanza is personification, which is apparent in the last line, when the poet says how â€Å"blues forgets to stay†. In my view, by using this tool, the poet wants to emphasize how the speaker feels the blues as a conscious force or a spirit because of its power over him. This stanza shows us that artistic expression is what keeps people sane and gives them power to endure the hardships they face.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The final stanza is quite distinct from the rest of the poem since it is written in the rhyme scheme â€Å"kkkkkk†, which is a very unusual rhyme. In this stanza, the words that carry the rhyme are â€Å"me†, which is repeated three times, â€Å"beâ⠂¬  repeated two times and â€Å"see†. â€Å"Me† and â€Å"be† are used in an altering way to indicate how the speaker’s person is the permanent dwelling of the blues. The word â€Å"see† is used almost as a call for the reader to notice how apparent the cause of his sadness is. As for the number of lines, this stanza conforms to the rest of the poem, which means that it has six lines. The main tool which is used here very effectively is internal rhyme, and it can be found in the last line where the poet rhymes â€Å"me† and â€Å"see† line internally. The poet uses the opportunity to repeat the word â€Å"me† for the fourth time in this stanza almost as a way of physically pointing at himself to draw the attention of the society at his conditions. This effect is made even stronger since the word is rhymed with the verb â€Å"see†, which calls for people’s attention almost like an imperative. In conclusion, one m ight say that although criticized for its technical issues like problematic rhyme in â€Å"fine – mind† and dialectal inconsistencies, this poem is very valuable because it provides a vivid picture of disappointment in the life in the North. It is also worth adding that the poet has succeeded in transferring the lives of ordinary, poor, black people into artistic expression, and at the same time, he preserved the tone and atmosphere of everyday life by using the colloquial Southern dialect. Works Cited Tracy, Steven C.. Langston Hughes the blues. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988. Print. This essay on Evenin’ Air Blues was written and submitted by user Ruth Eaton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A study into how Western and Middle Eastern Media manipulated public perspective during the Iraq War. The WritePass Journal

A study into how Western and Middle Eastern Media manipulated public perspective during the Iraq War. CHAPTER ON INTRODUCTION A study into how Western and Middle Eastern Media manipulated public perspective during the Iraq War. CHAPTER ON INTRODUCTION  CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW2. MONOPOLISATION OF THE MEDIA:1.1 ‘Outfoxed!’1.2 Rich Media/Poor Democracy1.3 Al-Jazeera News1.4 ‘The truth about the war.’  CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3. METHODOLOGY  CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND FINDINGS. 4. ANALYSIS: DECEMBER 2002.4.1 ANALYSIS: MARCH, 2003.4.2 ANALYSIS: MARCH, 2004.4.3 INTERVIEW WITH YUSRA AHMAD:CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION5. BIBLIOGRAPHYRelated CHAPTER ON INTRODUCTION This investigation was inspired by an introduction to the theorist Noam Chomsky and his contributions into the theory behind propaganda. What initially grabbed my attention was how his theories focused on public perspective in particular. After being exposed to parts of Robert Greenwalds’ documentary ‘Outfoxed’ I was shocked to learn how powerful and influential the Fox media network has become in engineering the public opinion of America in order to validate the Iraq Invasion.   As a result I acquired a full length copy of the ‘Outfoxed’ documentary and after learning some of the techniques that Fox News used I questioned how Fox were able to get away with such outlandish comments and obviously false claims. It made me think that perhaps here in the UK the public may have been subjugated to similar techniques and to ask whether they have any similar effects upon the British public. It also impelled me to investigate whether the Middle East experien ced any side effects of British and American (Western) propaganda. My dissertation plans to investigate whether Western Media has a greater control than that of the Middle East over the distribution of knowledge. By investigating what information is considered newsworthy, we will see the public directed through a certain thought process and there will be evidence to suggest that media networks’ attempts to promote certain political opinions have been successful through the implementation of Chomsky and Herman’s ‘Propaganda Model’ and its filters. This dissertation also plans to investigate whether or not the media outlets (Both private and state owned) in the Middle East are less governed or restricted when it comes to worthy content when reporting issues and topics that concern the Iraq war, in comparison to the western media moguls such as Sky News, CNN etc. The main objective of the investigation will be to discover whether or not the techniques sourced by Chomsky and Herman in their Propaganda model have successfully infiltrated through both Western and Middle Eastern media networks. In addition to this, I aim to provide an insight into which media system [West or Middle East] is most successful at manipulating the public in order to preserve a degree of power. Through research and analysis this investigation will aim to verify which techniques are implemented by the media to maintain a level of control over the public. Whilst coordinating the research for the Literature Review it became apparent that the BBC were seldom mentioned in the run up and aftermath of the Iraq War in terms of their involvement with propaganda and covering up the truth. The value of this investigation aims to demonstrate that the BBC, among other media networks, is in reality abusing a trust with the global public by embracing the methods and techniques of Chomsky’s Propaganda Model. Sky News is a global network also owned by Rupert Murdoch. Will Murdoch exercise and apply the techniques of Fox News to Sky, or does he allow for Sky News to remain independent and therefore more objective in its reporting of the Iraq War?   CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman assembled the propaganda model and its five filters; Monopolisation of the media, the role of advertising, the incorporation of expert testimony, how and why flak catchers are employed by the ruling elites and the utilisation of dichotomisation. These filters established by Chomsky and Herman will allow me to establishes the basis for a comparison of case studies and witness if and how these filters are expended. 2. MONOPOLISATION OF THE MEDIA:   The media are run and owned by powerful private corporations aiming to sell their products to the masses. As a result the media becomes corrupt; information considered important is elected and tailored so that the public believe they are being relayed information that is truthful, factual and genuine. ROLE OF ADVERTISING: This is the main source of income and profit for the media; Private corporations conducting business with other private corporations. They come together and determine what material goods we need, what campaigns we should support, ultimately they decide what is good for us and what is bad. EXPERT TESTIMONY: This filter implies that expert testimony given derives from the specialised class or those who work for the specialised class. Their opinion has already been formed to correspond with the question at hand. These experts appear to be in a position of neutrality; however they are employed by the private corporations. Therefore how can the outcome remain unbiased? FLAK CATCHERS: Flak is a term used when individuals, whom Chomsky speaks of, question those in power; it’s the individual versus the whole apparatus. In other words the   so-called ‘Big Guy’ will use his power and other resources to find information that will silence the individual. DICHOTOMISATION:   This particular filter allows for the media to create an Anti-Terror threat. By establishing an ‘us’ versus ‘them’ complex the media are able to whip up society, for example to get the public to agree with any foreign adventures. Dichotomisation within the media is a powerful tool and one which can turn out considerable levels of subordination of the masses. The ‘potential enemy’ or greater evil can be portrayed in a manner deemed appropriate by the private corporations. The propaganda model focuses on the inequality of wealth and power and with these filters they fix the premises of discourse and interpretation.[4] In Chomsky’s book ‘Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda,’ he draws attention to what he terms ‘Spectator democracy;’ reminisant of Walter Lippmann’s concept of ‘the manufacturing of consent’ where the bewildered herd are persuaded into agreement with what that they once deemed inconsequential. The idea behind ‘the manufacturing of consent’ functions on the basis that â€Å"the common interest elude public opinion entirely† (Media Control, p.15) and managed by a â€Å"specialised class of responsible men† (Media Control, p.15) who decide how society is organised. Our choices and opinions are already formed and decided for us, we are led to believe however that we have been given the choice. To maintain power the specialised class must create â€Å"necessary illusions,† (Media Control, p.20).   In the section headed ‘Engineering Opinion’ Chomsky ignores the notion of how the public in general are pacifist by nature especially when it comes to Foreign Adventures, so in order to encourage interest and support â€Å"you have to whip them up† (Media Control, p.30) The most common technique used to marginalise and distract the public is to exploit fear. By frightening the public, those in power can restrict public organisation and terminate any articulation of sentiment opposed to whatever those in power deem necessary. To persuade the public, ‘necessary illusions’ are required. Instead of the public focusing on economic or educational crisis within one’s own society Government creates a sense of fea r. Actions are justified because it is for the greater good; â€Å"aggressors cannot be rewarded and aggression must be reversed with the quick resort to violence.† (Media Control, p.56)   Arguably it is hard to legitimise violence when abstracted from historical circumstances.[5] Focus on moral responsibility of individuals to pursue questions that the elite media are responsible for sets major frameworks. Here those at the top of the media industry, for example Rupert Murdoch, decide what is newsworthy and how it is filtered out to newspapers, radio and TV to local media outlets.   Those in power find it â€Å"necessary to completely falsify history.†Ã‚   (Chomsky, p.35) By using propaganda the specialised class is able to â€Å"restore sanity, [] a recognition that whatever we do is noble and right† (Chomsky, p.35) thus making it easier to silence the herd rather than listen to it. 1.1 ‘Outfoxed!’ ‘Outfoxed’ is a documentary that looks at how right wing, Conservative media empires are exposing Chomsky’s fears of ever-enlarging corporations that control the public and create profit for Rupert Murdoch and his corporative allies. It is Greenwalds’ response to Chomsky and Herman’s filter ‘flak catchers.’ For a country that is run by private enterprise â€Å"media is the nervous system of a democracy [] if it is not functioning well, the democracy cannot function.† (00:01:24) What Fox News Channel (FNC) has managed to create is fear. Everything at the FNC is dictated, monitored and constrained to the beliefs of right wing- Bush Administration- Republicans and the techniques exercised by news broadcasters and journalists manage to eliminate any real element of Journalism or Truth. As a consequence the American Public were exceedingly manipulated and generated into a state of fear through motivated and exploitive techniques. These techniques and themes are by no means objective and as a result those members of society exposed to FNC lose any sense of perspective; becoming the ‘bewildered herd’ Chomsky fears we shall all become.   FNC are notoriously famous for their controlling techniques; is ‘Murdoch’s war on Journalism’[6] becoming a global characteristic. But are those in the media who reject Murdoch’s war still able to remain objective or do they succumb to the powerful elites who would cease to profit if objectivity was allowed. The techniques highlighted in ‘Outfoxed’ help detect instances of opinion control and social influences from other media networks. Techniques include Hosts or Journalists of a network speaking over their guests, preventing an alternative opinion, most damaging to the public. This technique could be classified as flak catchers and/or dichotomy. Journalists and Anchors represent the ‘big guy’ imposing and abusing their power over guest speakers creating an ‘us’ versus ‘them’ persona. Clips and sound bites originally used for hard news are later filtered across to other news segments to influence viewers into thinking what is being reported is hard news when in fact it is entertainment; a form of advertising. In order to include opinion without having to prove it as fact or provide expert testimony, journalists would exercise the phrase â€Å"Some people say† (00:18:00) mainly to convey a political opinion. Pre-approved consulta nts [expert testimony] represent a biased and unbalanced coverage at Fox News Channel; 87% of guests who appeared on the news who legitimised the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were representatives from the Republican Party.[7] Society was denied alternative perspectives. Another technique used to ‘stir the masses’ was the use of motives, icons and themes that appeared on the media networks and used to motivate and organise Chomsky’s ‘bewildered herd’ by converting everything against the Iraq war to an act of terrorism itself instilling fear in viewers who become scared to voice or seek alternative opinion or information and so accept the popular allowing for unquestioned support of Government policies. It is clear that Rupert Murdoch has adopted Chomsky and Herman’s filters of propaganda and has applied them to Fox News Channel to impose Republican and Bush Administration’s policies onto the public as being the right choice. 1.2 Rich Media/Poor Democracy According to the ‘integration’ model[8] of broadcasting the media â€Å"could be treated as a natural monopoly and in the belief that this sort of structure could uphold the ‘public interest’.† (Negrine, p.233) Negrine states that the socio-political nature of a media network will vary across national boundaries and as a result becomes associated with a particular political party or government to project particular interests and values onto the ‘bewildered herd’. ‘The Media/Democracy Paradox[9]’ establishes that the powerful elites â€Å"have established Global Empires and generated massive riches providing news and entertainment to the peoples of the world [] independent from Government control.† (Rich Media, Poor Democracy, p.1) However McChesney discovers that â€Å"the wealthier and more powerful the corporate media giants have become, the poorer the prospects for participatory democracy.† (Rich Media, Poor Democracy, p.4) Now according to Chomsky, the blame does not lie solely upon the media giants; it is the public’s responsibility to question the intentions and structure of news claiming its apparent democratic disposition. Machesney also implies that News is now nothing more than entertainment as forms of distraction. While we know that the Fox News Channel is guilty of such endeavours it will be interesting to see if any other media network are guilty of using such techniques in order to maintain and persuade the ‘bewildered herd’. 1.3 Al-Jazeera News Al-Jazeera is the result of Qatar’s democraticisation process and â€Å"apart from being the first 24-hour Arab satellite news network, Al-Jazeera has turned the tables on state controlled Arab media.† (Changing Realities, p.2) Controversial issues, levelling criticism at â€Å"both religious and political officials and challenged official pro governmental Arab versions of event [,]† (Changing Realities, p.2) Al-Jazeera’s motto â€Å"The opinion and the other opinion† certainly draws the attention of society to the reality of misinformation supplied by state controlled TV whilst remaining â€Å"in touch with the ‘Arab Street’ and play a role in shaping Arab public opinion.† (Changing Realities, p.2) Al-Jazeera has become a focus point of both the Western and Arab criticism as well as Al-Jazeera’s credible reporting and reporters have been banned from countries, including Egypt, Kuwait, Jordan and Saudi Arabia and anti Al-J azeera campaigns have been launched to combat the networks’ freedom of expression on their reporting of news. Before Al-Jazeera, media in the Middle East was mainly state controlled. If we look at Iraq as an example we can see clearly how the media can be manipulated and presented as â€Å"an omnipotent propaganda machine [] entrusted with the task of nurturing hatred[10]† (Bengio, p.109) The media was used as a watchdog and contributed â€Å"significantly to its survival and longevity [] and depicted the entire information machine† (Bengio, p.110) Owing to heavy restrictions in place, Iraqi media â€Å"would by no means be permitted to serve as a platform   for airing opposing views or criticism of the Ba’th† (Benigo, p.110) regime. Saddam Husayn restricted the media by â€Å"modelling them on the worst totalitarian examples of Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union.† (Bengio, p.110) This type of model makes it relatively easy to manipulate the media with political agendas generating a highly effective propaganda machine. This makes it easy for a government to engineer public opinion with ease by introducing the complexity of creating an enemy. If state control limits and restricts the masses sources of information then the public have no choice but to ‘believe’ what they are being told; â€Å"the picture which the public received of the ‘other’ was one-dimensional and black and white [] the subjection of the media to the totalitarian Ba’th regime ensured total adherence to this line.† (Bengio, p.112- p.113) Where Al-Jazeera differs is they have a choice on what they report to a certain extent. They have the same opportunity to report on Middle Eastern events as state media. Al-Jazeera, however, have the capability to report events from an alternative perspective, giving the public masses an alternative opinion and the power to choose for themselves.   With state-owned media Democracy and free expression are almost nonexistent and up until the Iraq War â€Å"the political system in Iraq, and with it the media and the intellectuals, remained as far removed from democratization and the peace process as ever.† (Bengio, p.118) Free expression and democracy has lead to the production of Al-Jazeera, but it is these elements which restricts the news network to certain countries as more often than not Al-Jazeera struggle to adhere to specific Arab regimes and their political messages. To try and understand what restrictions both Western and Middle Eastern media networks had to face dur ing the Iraq war journalist Jon Snow looks at how the media was organised and supervised. 1.4 ‘The truth about the war.’ ‘The Truth about the War’ is a documentary, which explores how heavily managed the media was during the Iraq War. What John Snow reveals is that after the Coalitions’ â€Å"shock and awe†[11] techniques to capture Baghdad, the world saw â€Å"two versions of this war being reported, and which one you saw depended on where you lived.† (Snow, 00:03:32) Al-Jazeera would report on the â€Å"brutal reality of civilian death† (Snow, 00:03:27) while viewers in â€Å"Britain and America saw a different war.† (Snow, 00:05:56)   A BBC Documentary special on Al-Jazeera[12] looks at the TV station’s coverage of the war in Iraq and the difficulties they face. What we learn from this documentary was that Al-Jazeera reporters were not embedded with the coalition armies and therefore were able to gain footage, knowledge and reports that were not restricted or released by the British and American Military. As such they had a greater freedom whe n reporting but clearly suffer with Chomsky’s western â€Å"Flak† catchers. (Al-Jazeera Special 00:24:13) As a result â€Å"Its position as an Arabic channel caused [it] to be both ostracised by coalition and intimidated by Baghdad,† (Al-Jazeera Special, (00:01:01)) because the majority of the Al-Jazeera report’s highlighted errors made by coalition forces and presented it to a global audience. In the West, â€Å"Al-Jazeera has become associated with pictures of dead coalition troops and video-postcards from someone who might be Osama Bin Laden,† these images advertise the Middle East’s efforts to create an enemy out of the west generating an indication of dichotomy, â€Å"A perception for some is that the network is implicated in the subject matter of its reports. † (Al-Jazeera Special, 00:00:40) these associations are implemented in an attempt to silence[13] Al-Jazeera and the truth about â€Å"the real war.† (Al-Jazeera Spec ial, 00:27:00) Al-Jazeera’s response was that â€Å"Al-Jazeera are not creating, just reporting!† (Al-Jazeera Special, 00:24:20)   CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3. METHODOLOGY I plan to investigate what techniques the media use to influence and construct public opinion. This dissertation will take a more qualitative approach to the investigation. This is because qualitative research in the words of Rudestam â€Å"uses sampling which is idiographic, focusing on the individual or case study in order to understand the full complexity of the individual’s experience. From this perspective, there is no attempt to claim an ability to generalise to a specific population, but instead, the findings are relevant from the perspective of the user of the findings.† (Rudestam, p.92) I intend to research the media’s reports from before, during and after the Iraq War (2003) in order to distinguish and understand what effects this had upon Western Society and Middle Eastern Society. In the literature review many examples of media controlling techniques came from Fox News Channel in America and Al-Jazeera from the Middle East.   Therefore it would not be practical to use reports from these two networks as their techniques have been examined in detail and we already know the effects they projected onto society. What I would like to find out is whether other news media networks are guilty of adopting a similar propaganda style and techniques and if so, what implications does this present to society. I plan to analyse a series of case studies (published articles) then compare them to find the similarities and differences between the West and the Middle East. Articles from each network will be taken from the each of the years 2002 (Pre Iraq war), 2003 (During Iraq war), and 2004 (Post Iraq war). One definite network to be examined will be the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) as they were one the main competitors with Al- Jazeera, for supplying the British public with information during and after the war. Whilst organising the Literature Review it became apparent that the BBC were seldom mentioned in the run up and aftermath of the Iraq War in terms of their involvement with propaganda and covering up the truth. What I aim to demonstrate is that the BBC are in reality abusing a trust with the British or even Global Public by adopting methods from Chomsky’s Propaganda Model and a system of techniques similar to those of Fox News. Another network to be observed will be that of Sky News, a global network owned by Rupert Murdoch. Will Murdoch exercise and apply the techniques Fox News are guilty of using to Sky, or does he allow for Sky News to remain independent and therefore more objective in its reporting of the Iraq War? One media network I have decided to look at is a newspaper called Arab News. Arab News is privately owned and a Saudi Arabian based publication but reaches a global Arab audience via the internet. I interviewed a journalist, Yusra Ahmad, who has previously worked for state-owned media in Egypt and Kuwait; pre and post revolutions. While her expertise is not specifically related to the Iraq War in particular, she may be able to offer information on the restrictions placed upon the media in the past. I will then hopefully be able to compare any methods or techniques used by state-owned TV during times of war or civil unrest, and then apply it to how the private media operates during similar times such as the Iraq war. So the networks I intend to research and investigate are the BBC News (UK), Sky News (UK), CNN (US) and Arab News (Saudi Arabia). Each Report has been taken from the networks online archives. The Interview questions are based around the material from the Literature Review composed in a manner which will allow me to investigate Government/State-owned media in the Middle East. The questions will cover the advantages of state control of the media as well as the disadvantages, If Governments have full reign of the media or do they conform to regulators as Western Media do. As the interviewee has prior commitments a face-to-face interview was not feasible. Instead she was happier to conduct the interview via email.   I have bracketed ‘Middle East’ in the questions as the questions were answered in regards to Egypt or Kuwait but it still gives the opportunity to allow for examples from alternative countries if the interviewee has the appropriate knowledge to do so. Ideally this type of investigation would require an in depth analysis of all the media from the West and then compare it to all the Media from the Middle East. However it would take a great deal of man power to research all publications and broadcasts from before, during and after the Iraq war. One major limitation of investing Middle Eastern Media is that State controlled media, and many of the privately owned networks are presented in Arabic. This Language barrier may prove a hindrance in this investigation. Coalition occupation is still in progress, therefore in determining a date for case studies cornering the end of the war I decided to analyse articles published one the one year anniversary of when the war started.   CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND FINDINGS. 4. ANALYSIS: DECEMBER 2002. CASE STUDY-1   Ã¢â‚¬ËœU.S. Moves towards Iraq War Footing.’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (BBC)   (20/12/02) The first piece of information we are presented with is an image of an army tank with the caption â€Å"all the way to Baghdad† advertising the realisation that war is in fact inevitable. The image does not represent the possibility or war; it more or less confirms it. Justifications behind the manoeuvring of large deployments of US troops was to convey the message of how the West â€Å"longs for peace [,]† the BBC conveys to the British public that these measures are necessary to ensure that ‘peace.’ The BBC here are highlighting government policies and encouraging the public to support them. Actions of the US are deemed non- peaceful and to support this, the BBC provides its public with a statement from Iraq that encourages them to question why is it that â€Å"even before [the UN] were able to read and analyse [Iraq’s’] declaration they said it had gaps in it.† How can anyone know was has been submitted without reading or analysing the material first? In this report the BBC attempts to remain unbiased, the public are provided with an up-to-date summary progress of war. The BBC fails however to provide an equal amount of perspective from Iraq’s point of view. If the BBC are only providing the public with limited sources than the ability to make an informed decision becomes difficult. CASE STUDY-2   Ã¢â‚¬ËœMassive Seaborne Invasion.’  Ã‚   (SKY)     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (22/12/02) Sky’s audience are immediately informed of Coalition plans to conduct â€Å"a massive seaborne invasion† and that America has already â€Å"launched its biggest desert manoeuvres.† It is Sky’s personal opinion that America as a country of action and that Britain is one of planning. This technique is reflective of Murdoch’s network Fox News where America is always presented in a positive manner and that action is favoured over thinking; act now, think later. This relates to Chomsky’s filter of dichotomisation as America is presented as one thing, while Britain is presented as something else. As â€Å"the source said that a major invasion of Iraq from the gulf would be the first stage in any ground war [,]† the audience are lead to believe that this testimony comes from an expert on war strategies. â€Å"The Source† is again reminiscent of Fox’s ‘Some people say.’   It could be assumed that the source Sky speaks of is the same source who released the MoD statement but the lack of clarification makes it difficult for readers to comprehend and so left to presume that the source is expert testimony.[14] Like the BBC, Sky News is providing a limited knowledge for the public restricting their ability to make an informed decision. Again expert testimony from the Prime Minister Tony Blair that Britain is taking â€Å"all the necessary preparations† for the â€Å"possible war with Baghdad [,]† is Sky’s way of telling its audience that the word ‘possible’ is irrelevant, why else would sky waste time on reporting in detail of all the precautions being taken, such as the deployment of troops, and that both America and Britain are in actual fact ready for war. It becomes clear that Sky is manipulation its audiences to support the invasion into Iraq via a simple play on the word ‘possible.’ What is interesting is that Sky never once discusses the supposed WMDs Saddam is hiding. The closest Sky gets to this topic is the US State of Defence’s call for more weapons inspectors. However the call for inspectors is not confined to simply Iraq but directed towards the whole of the Middle East suggesting that all Arab Countries pose a threat against the West. Clearly Sky has adopted Chomsky filter of Dichotomisation, clearly indicating the Middle East is a threat to Western society, and a possible enemy for the West. This generalisation is also evident in Blair’s previous statement concerning the â€Å"war with Baghdad.† The war is against the totalitarian regime Saddam enforces on his people and the possibility of WMDs, but here the war is against ‘Baghdad.’ This manipulates audiences into believing that the Middle East is a potential threat, not just Saddam. Sky inform audiences of recent weapons inspections of an old nuclear facility, chosen, I believe, because of the association between its name ‘Al- Qa’qaa’ to the terrorist group ‘Al-Qaeda’ who have been linked to Iraq on many occasions.[15] With links between Saddam and Al-Qaeda it is not surprising that the Middle East becomes synonymous with terrorism for a western audience instilling fear into society. This article does not provide audiences with hard fact or reason as to why the West must go to war, instead what the audience receives is how advanced plans are to invade Iraq which ultimately contradicts Tony Blair’s’ statement of the â€Å"possible war.† CASE STUDY-3 ‘Brutish and Loud.’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Arab News)  Ã‚  Ã‚   (22/12/02) Arab News depicts America as speaking with â€Å"only one diplomatic voice these days, and it is brutish and loud.† Characteristics usually associated with the playground bully are now bestowed unto America, promoted as being a biased country towards Iraq and the Middle East. Arab News, like the BBC and Sky News, has adopted Chomsky’s filter of Dichotomy. By illustrating America as the enemy it creates a clear wedge between the Middle East and the West. The Arab audiences receive an unmistakable derogatory depiction of the West as a bully suggesting that Arab audiences and members of the public should not succumb to the demands and wants of America and Britain; that they are the enemy. Arab News presents its audience with a hypothetical situation where they are asked whether they believe America would prove to be helpful, then encouraged to follow suit that â€Å"one thinks not.† Arab News persuades its audience to conform to the dictated belief that â€Å"US justification [] is the more specious.† The message is clear; Iraq will be betrayed because the US themselves are guilty of â€Å"betraying their basic contempt for the [UN] organisation.† The hypothetical situation is very similar to how the West pushed the possibility that Saddam was hiding WMDs. Both Medias seem to focus on possibilities rather than definite outcomes. Both Western and Middle Eastern media’s seem to project the notion that these possibilities are highly likely, conjuring an image of something to fear. This message is directed to the mass public of the Middle East that any Arab country may be â€Å"just as quickly [discarded] like a Kleenex when [their] purpose has been served.† The Arab audience are stirred into support by this statement; to be submissive of this message would be an act of desertion against Middle Eastern culture and society. Arab News intimates to its audience that America is a country of â€Å"slavishness† and incapable of recognising the right choice for â€Å"one [should] wonder about the sanity of US foreign policy-makers [that] seems to be reaching a level of blinkered unsubtly where [] sound causes are drowned out by [America’s] brutish roar.† America’s methods of Democracy are illustrated to the public as â€Å"[kicking] down doors rather than stoop and turn the handle.† Public opinion here is clearly being engineered to thinking Bush is a Bully, not the saviour he makes out to be. This article is filled with copious amounts of propaganda, and if had been directed solely to the Iraqi civilians then perhaps it could be viewed as a severely corrupt way to boost civilian morale. It is directed to all Arabs in the Middle East leaving no doubt that Arab News attempts to influence the public directly in belief that the West are an enemy to fear. CASE STUDY-4 ‘Iraq welcomes ‘American Intelligence’ to weapons hunt.’  Ã‚   (CNN)     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     (23/12/02) CNN here uses Iraqi perspective and official Iraqi statements to inform a western/American audience that the argument over suspected Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) indeed has two sides. The BBC and Sky News both fail in offering audiences an adequate amount of alternative perspective. Their reports remain highly one-sided. By trying to remain as objective as possible without offending or questioning American patriotism, CNN are able to inform a western public that â€Å"Iraq has already disproved† claims of WMDs and yet Bush is still insisting that Iraq is lying. This information calls the public to question US intelligence and recognize areas of doubt; CNN can provide the data and all the public ‘can see for itself’ the facts allowing them to contrast an individual opinion. CNN identify that Iraq believes â€Å"the United States and Britain are the only players in this macabre game against Iraq,† and this is reminiscent of the how western media’s attempted to impose power over their Middle Eastern competitors[16] once the war began. CNN purposefully construct statements to show how the Bush Administration â€Å"has accused Iraq† and nearly all of these accusations are â€Å"speculated† rather than confirmed where as Sky News present America and Britain as doing the right thing.   CNN are clearly attempting not to impose a particular or common belief onto the public unlike Sky or Arab News. CNN have given a fairer and equal coverage to Iraq and have allowed their voices and opinions to be heard. However once focus is turned to America’s opinion we find that â€Å"the united States has accused Iraq of failing to account for material that can be used to grow such biological agents such as anthrax,† and then the programme proceeds to list a number of deadly biological weapons leading the audience to believe that Saddam is a leader who personifies ‘the axis of evil.[17]’ Fox News Channel has been found guilty of sourcing a high majority of expert testimony from the Republican Party in the lead up to the Iraq war and throughout. If one looks closely at CNN’s guest speakers and spokespersons we find three opinions are sourced from the Democrat party while only the one Republican spokesperson. While CCN do offer a more objective report of the war the fact that their expert testimony is limited to a particular political party. 4.1 ANALYSIS: MARCH, 2003. CASE STUDY-5 ‘Analysis: U.S ‘Shock and Awe’ Tactics.’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (BBC)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     (21/03/03) Schifferes states that the aim of such tactics was â€Å"to break the morale of the Iraqi Military.† And yet later are informed that in order for the ‘Shock and Awe’ tactic to succeed it is â€Å"civilian morale† that must be broken.   All that is being analysed is the theory; we hear of â€Å"sophisticated weapons†, of how US military are humanely and safely negotiating terms of surrender with Saddam’s soldiers. In reality Iraqi civilians are being killed and suffering from the bombing, only one sentence at the start of the article addresses the definitive act of the air raids in Baghdad and other Iraqi cities; this has been â€Å"long-awaited† suggesting that what western society has expected and wanted has finally happened. Schifferes goes on to ‘analyse’ how this is a â€Å"psychological campaign aimed at ensuring quick victory.† Here audiences are directed to believe that in order to achieve quick victory this ‘Shock and Awe’ tactic is a necessity; the most intelligent and therefore logical choice. Western audiences are told that Iraqi civilians will only be psychologically harmed as opposed to physically harmed via air raids, bombs and explosions. The BBC in this article glamorizes the art of war. The detail and focus on the technological advances in weaponry is devised by Schifferes as the â€Å"Smart War† and talks of the â€Å"sophisticated weapons† that will â€Å"maximise their effects while limiting collateral damage,† with the aid of â€Å"global positioning satellites.† No theory is discussed in relation to the specific psychological effects of such a â€Å"Campaign,† is this to stop the public questioning the reality and destruction behind these tactics? It is a reasonable assumption considering the word count given to describing the success of previous ‘Shock and Awe’ tactics and yet no analysis is given to the psychological effects of previous casualties of such campaigns. CASE STUDY-6 ‘Operation And Or?’    (SKY)   (24/03/03) Sky focuses its attentions to the US Military’s employment of the ‘Shock and Awe’ tactic as did the BBC. What is initially seen as criticism towards the military actually turns out to be criticism aimed at the lack of activity. The public are reminded that they have been waiting eagerly for action that never came and how â€Å"it looked as though the Iraqis had the upper hand.† Just by the generality â€Å"Iraqis† presents this war as Coalition versus Iraq, not Coalition versus Saddam’s totalitarian Government, Soldiers, or the Ba’ath regime. Again, Sky are guilty of creating sense of dichotomy only this time instead of using America and Britain, it is now the West versus the Middle East. This act of dichotomy creates a wedge between a western public and a Middle Eastern public with only allows for fear to grow. Presented with an Image of a US Tank with the caption â€Å"Ground Troops push on† advertising a sense of determination and courage illustrates how patriotic troops are conveying to audiences they too should be patriotic. As the BBC presented the masses with the notion this was to be a ‘Smart War,[18]’ in terms of the weapons to be used, Sky reverses this notion by offering its audience particular background knowledge on the ‘Patriot;’ a weapon that while effective in previous wars is not up to standards to deal with Saddam’s forces. Elites such as Murdoch support the war and have a lot to gain from it[19] and obviously do not wish to address the question ‘why are we at war?’ So instead Sky construct a report looking at how weapons may not be up to standards transmitting to the public that if the West are to be victorious then troops should have the necessary weapons to ensure rapid victory. Sky encourages their audience to â€Å"think of the following† – they begin to engineer the public though process. The article focuses on â€Å"the fact much of the equipment used by Americans has been pre-positioned in the Gulf region ever since the 1991 Gulf War.† Only the final and brief paragraph that addressed the actual ‘Shock and Awe’ Campaign, Sky’s response was â€Å"words do fail:† no details as to the success of the campaign, no information what so ever is given. Reminiscent of Arab News’s ‘one thinks not[,]’ Sky proceeds to engineer opinion again stating â€Å"one has to think that almost regardless of the intended effect on elements of the regime there [] was actually an exercise for other countries: this is what an angry United States can do it could be you next.† This message I believe is directed to an audience that oppose the war, the US is presented as a fearful agent of power and that cooper ation is best. CASE STUDY-7 ‘Iraqis Puts on Brave Face as War Starts.’ (Arab News) (21/03/03) This article looks at victims of the ‘Shock and Awe’ Campaign.   We are given a place, a time, a subject and their age creating a firm image in the audiences mind setting the scene so they are able to establish an emotional connection to the articles content, creating the opportunity to gain the perspective of the Iraqi public. This report certainly focuses more on the reality of war; the â€Å"wailing sirens,† the â€Å"bombardment† of the air raids, the â€Å"scared† 10 year old boy Sameh Mohammed who fears the â€Å"attacks† certainly presents a more coherent image of the war. The Reality Arab News points to is how civilians of Iraq have suffered under Saddam’s rule and now fear suffering at the hands of those who claim to be helping. Nakhoul informs a Middle Eastern audience that while despite the requirements of Religion, â€Å"Washington had warned a strike could come any time from 4:00 am in Baghdad.† This does not present the Western agents in a favourable light. Arab News incorporates a quotation from an Iraqi taxi driver, Abu, 50, as a representative of the Iraqi public, successfully capturing a common public response to the ‘Shock and Awe’ campaign; people began to shout â€Å"Allahu Akbar† meaning ‘God is Greatest.’ It is important to note that Religion plays an important role in the Middle East and often used to keep the public in line.[20] Their second reaction was to pray â€Å"for the safety of our country and our people and [curse] the filthy Bush.† A clear propaganda message; in order to be like Abu Arab News readers must have faith, pray for the safety of country and countrymen and not succumb to the bully like methods of ‘the filthy Bush.†Abu tells his fellow citizens that â€Å"Nobody accepts that his country is attacked† a personal opinion, and one that should be at the foreground of the public mind. Arab News is guilty of Propaganda, clear messages are repeated, â€Å"They do not frighten us,† â€Å"they won’t be able to scare us;† while this could boosting public morale as a response to the ‘shock and awe’ campaign Arab News source multiple Iraqi civilians with quotes such as â€Å"every day will be worse than the other. It will be a long war because America wants to achieve its goal.† CASE STUDY-8 ‘Shock and Awe’ Campaign underway in Iraq’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (CNN)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (22/03/03) CNN also reported on the ‘Shock and Awe’ Campaign, but unlike the BBC and Sky, CNN are careful not to elude the truths of war. Immediately the audience are informed of the necessary information; where, what time, what happened and as a result a clearer picture is instilled into the Western audience’s perspectives. No divergence to theory behind tactics or attention focused around the standard of equipment. CNN manage to provide an up-to-date summary of what has led to the implementation of a ‘campaign [] intended to instil â€Å"shock and awe† among Iraq’s leaders.’ The only input of personal opinion seems to come from CNN correspondent Wolf Blitzer who â€Å"reported that in 30 years of experience, he had never seen anything on the scale of Friday’s attacks on the Iraq capital.† This if anything only helps to paint a more informative picture of ‘the real war.’[21] Information is clear, concise and relevant. One section that coincides with the other western networks is the false enlightenment that Saddam and his supporters ‘were finished.’ According to Arab News Saddam ‘will fight to the last drop of blood and will not surrender [.][22]’ While it does reflect similar interests Sky and the BBC, CNN are careful to inform audiences that this particular information has been â€Å"speculated† not confirmed. One term used to refer to the war is ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom[23]’ but again CNN are careful to alert this term â€Å"comes as a Coalition effort [of] force [.]† Yet the article concludes with an â€Å"effort to keep the peace in Iraq† which leaves audiences more understanding and considerate to the efforts being undertaken by the west to guarantee this peace. 4.2 ANALYSIS: MARCH, 2004. Case Study-9‘Worldwide protest marks Iraq War’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (BBC)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (21/03/04) According to the BBC the protests that were held worldwide were to â€Å"mark the first anniversary of the start of the Iraq conflict.† By terming it the Iraq ‘conflict’ it manipulates an image of mere disagreement rather than aggressive combat. The BBC also draws attention to current security violations in Britain[24]which stresses to a Western audience the lack of organisation of the government[25] especially when the country is fighting the war against terrorism. Images of ‘peace’ signs are reported by the BBC to highlight the global public’s want for an end to the Iraq war. The image of ‘peace’ is reminiscent of previous articles of the BBC; Case study 1 examines the reasons for war was to indeed guarantee global peace. BBC evidently emphasize to a Western audience that ‘peace’ has not yet been accomplished. The Australian and Italian Prime Ministers are both portrayed as culprits of the Iraq war[26] and that they have been too easily influenced by the superpower nation of America. Iraq saw no protests to mark the anniversary of the start of the war because ‘Correspondents say the majority of Iraqis {] resent the occupation of their country.’ ‘Correspondents’ appears vague and fictional because of its lack of credibility; a technique frequently implemented by Fox News Channel to construct and engineer public opinion. This time the BBC has influenced the public to be opposed to the Iraq conflict, a very different approach to its covering of events pre-2003. Bush’s statement exposes the reasons why occupation cannot be surrendered as ‘any sign of weakness or retreat simply validates terrorist violence and invites more violence for all nations.’ This statement allows the public to envision themselves as the determination of force Bush expels to ensure victory over Iraq are indeed the characteristics of a Bully. Case Study 10   ‘Bush: We Must Destroy Terror!’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (SKY)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (19/03/04) Sky picks up exactly where the BBC ends: the same quotation from Bush and his campaign to fight the war against terror in which he says, â€Å"Any sign of weakness or retreat simply validates terrorist violence and invites more violence for all nations.† This certainly strikes an element of fear in the audience. Sky relays to its audience the message that if efforts in Iraq are to be abandoned than violence shall follow, if an individual disagrees with this message they would be considered to condone violence, terrorism and ultimately unpatriotic. Sky affirms Bush’s call for all â€Å"civilised nations† to fight together against this threat. This re-establishes the dichotomy between the West and Middle East, proving that by creating an ‘us’ and ‘them’ complex, terror is still at large. In this particular use of dichotomisation the Middle East is cast as the outsider from the civilised world promoting the notion that occupation in Iraq is vital. Sky acknowledges and adopts Bush’s manipulation of the terms â€Å"killers† and now instead of terrorists, Sky refers to them also as â€Å"killers.† â€Å"Killers† implies a more vicious and unruly enemy, an enemy that now poses a greater threat.   Sky does not provide a response from Iraqi spokespersons denying the opportunity for them offer an opinion. Instead Sky deflects its audiences’ attention to the current terror attacks in Spain[28] which confirms the terror is still an on-going battle and those responsible are â€Å"killers [who] will be tracked down and found [] they will face their justice.† Case Study 11   ‘Peace Activists hold huge Rallies.’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Arab News)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (21/03/04) Arab News refers to the peace protests calls for a â€Å"demand [to] end occupation in Iraq† promoting the belief that the whole of the Western world agree that occupation in Iraq should cease and war was the wrong decision. This endorses the opinion that has been relayed to the Middle East since 2002; that the US and Britain went to war without public consent. This illustrates to an Arab audience that Western Publics have no faith or confidence in their own Governments and so neither should Iraq or any other Arab country.   On reflection, ‘Arab News’ is only verifying what they have promoted all along, that Western interference is defective to the Arab culture and that it is they (the Coalition) who are the enemy. Arab News is careful not to offend the Western Public; after all it is not they with who are angry. However, Western Media have not often reciprocated this respect, the Middle East public have been generalised as terrorists and as a result innocent civilians have had to suffer.   This creation of doubt towards the Western Governments is confirmed by accounts where the West overlooked the desires and needs of its own societies to pursue personal agendas. By referring to how the Western publics perceive the actions of their leaders again confirms previous opinions of Arab News that the West had no just cause or relevant support to go to war with Iraq, slogans sported by British protestors demand an â€Å"Anti-Bush, Anti-Blair, Anti-war everywhere† approach to Government and Military actions, and â€Å"no more lies† is the least the public deserve. Arab News pays closer detail to the amount of protests, the countries and cities in which they took place and how many protesters were said to have attended. Be providing the facts and figures behind these anti war protests allows for Iraq and the Middle East to witness the genuine support from the West, affirming that the resentment is towards those who hold power, the ruling elites. Case study 12   Clarke: Rice should have done job before 9/11.’ (CNN)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (25/03/04) Over a year has passed since America launched its attacks on Iraq and the focal point of CNN’s report aims to address ‘a blame game.’ Everybody seems to be pointing the finger, but the finger is not pointing at those responsible for the Iraq War; for Occupation is still ongoing, therefore the finger is pointing the audience to the subject of the possible prevention of the 9/11 attacks leading to the Iraq War could have been. According to CNN’s expert testimonies[29] the events of 9/11 could have possibly been prevented, just like Bush and Blair believed Saddam could possibly have WMDs and that war was a ‘possibility.’[30] The American public are told that the mistakes made by the Bush Administration would not have happened under the governance of the Clinton Administration. CNN are thus presenting Bush and his Administration as incompetent. Reading the article was almost like watching a debate. CNN are ‘flip-flopping[31]’ between Clarke’s opinions to the White Houses’ opinion and by flipping ‘180 degrees from everything else’ it becomes confusing for the audience. The ‘facts’ are all jumbled to make it more the article more exciting. However it is apparent that CNN are siding with Clarke as they are guilty of advertising his success to public. â€Å"several [other] media interviews this week and [] a public hearing before the commission investigating the September 11 attacks[,]† and the apparent â€Å"maelstrom after this week’s release of his book, ‘Against All Enemies,’ [] he accuses Bush, Rice and other   administration officials of not paying enough attention to Al – Qaeda’s threats before 9/11 and then diverting attention and resources from the war on terror in Iraq.† CNN is informing its audience of a book, written by an expert that will provide them with the evidence that they (the public) have been deceived. 4.3 INTERVIEW WITH YUSRA AHMAD: The relationship between state-owned media and private media in the Middle East is one which encompasses high levels of detriment towards the public. If private media â€Å"brings to light many of the issues the governments in the Middle East try very hard to keep under wraps[,]† then private media’s, such as Al-Jazeera, discovered that â€Å"many who voiced concerns regarding the destiny of their country etc were taken off air, arrested, detained and basically shut down.†[32] Those who object to this act of silencing have no choice but to comply with the policies dictated to them or otherwise leave their jobs[33] because state-owned media â€Å"[has] such a stronghold of information.† Media in the Middle East is â€Å"simply an extension of the government and if it [isn’t] it was put in its place by the government.† In terms of constructing the ‘necessary illusions’[34] to control the masses, it becomes apparent that state owned media do not have to manipulate the news content to achieve the desired outcome, instead they simply â€Å"fabricate much of their stories in order to provide support for their government.† By fabricating stories the public are left with no other choice than to presume what is being relayed to them is true. State-owned media maintain control by instilling fear into the publics’ perspective as â€Å"fear mongering is very big in the Middle East.† The main technique to implanting fear in the public is achievable through religion because â€Å"Religion plays a huge role within [Middle Eastern] society [,]†[35] and it is widely believed that in the Middle East â€Å"you can’t fight the fear of God.† Case study 3 highlights how this technique is used by the media to unite the public into support against the West. For countries where state-owned media was once dominant it is apparent that new media find it hard to function effectively. Once governed by totalitarian governments â€Å"the people [in the Middle East], for the first time in their lives are learning how to debate, [] they were never allowed opposing opinions [and] they are still working on understanding the essence of democracy.† These uncertainties within the public allow for state owned media to again â€Å"spin their angles of â€Å"Western Zionist agents† trying to infiltrate [the Middle East].† Censorship in the Middle East is still unconfined, even for private media. Many networks are unable to print or broadcast anything â€Å"remotely political, sexual, religious or otherwise controversial.† Private media however are able to get away with a lot more [as] they are usually owned [or] backed by big families.†[36] This act of monopolisation provides evidence to the high levels of corruption within Middle Eastern media. The terror attacks of 9/11 and the Iraq War have unfortunately â€Å"[provided] more leverage† for state-owned media as it manufactures the perspective that the western authorities are attempting to manipulate the Middle Eastern public, if the public â€Å"were left to freely voice their opinions, demand change, they would be providing the West with the control they so eagerly desire over the Middle East.† By promoting the west as an enemy, via Chomsky’s filter of dichotomy, it creates the threat that in Middle Eastern culture ‘anyone demanding change [] would be labelled a â€Å"western agent† fulfilling a â€Å"western agenda.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The interview revealed that â€Å"an important faction of the media [] in the Middle East is Social Media.† By removing a â€Å"reliance on governments† ordinary members of the public can become their own journalist or reporter,[37] â€Å"it [becomes] a free for all.† CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION Based on the analysis of the case studies and interview I am inclined to believe that it is Middle Eastern Media who have the greater control over the distribution of knowledge. This conclusion is based on the evidence that state-owned media in the Middle East is highly fabricated and even those networks that are private still must adhere to highly restrictive government policies which in turn limits opinion and perspective for their public. While western media must also adhere to rules and regulations, audiences are presented with unlimited opportunities to seek alternative opinions. The BBC appear to remain objective but it is clear that they helped manufacture public consent for the Iraq war as they fail to provide adequate information from an assortment of diverse perspectives, therefore limiting public perspective. Sky and Arab News however both seem to endorse government and political opinion compelling audiences to the medias desired opinion.   CNN is the only network that a ppears to remain impartial, rarely presenting information in a prejudice or limited manner. Analysis of the case studies and the interview disproved the belief that Middle Eastern Media are less restricted than their western counterparts. It is difficult for Middle Eastern media to provide alternative perspective as anchors and journalists fear for their lives as past examples have shown that Middle Eastern governments will go to any lengths to silence the opinions that contradict their policies and ability to control the masses. The Middle East does not have to make an effort to manipulate public opinion or create the necessary illusions to do so as they rarely questioned. Western media however must work harder to manufacture public consent, meaning that manipulation must be accomplished through the implementation of Chomsky and Herman’s propaganda filters through the media. The main filters used by Western media to manufacture consent for the Iraq War include Dichotomy, Expert Testimony and Advertising. Dichotomisation was the main technique used by western media to create an element of fear within society. By establishing the impression that there is an ‘us’ and ‘them’ western society witnessed clear fractioning between religion and race. Arab News also primarily used dichotomisation in order to create an enemy of the West, an enemy which threatened Middle Eastern Culture. Western media are more favourable to using Chomsky’s ‘expert testimony’ filter in order to manufacture support from the public. Expert testimonies allows for the assumption of legitimate knowledge when in fact experts are pre selected in order for testimony to ensure the success of the desired outcome. Sky and CNN both are guilty of providing pre selected testimony, however CNN do provide alternative opinions and perspectives within the reports for their audiences. Sky on the other hand exhibits a strong alliance to the policies and perspectives of the right-winged Republican Party and the Bush Administration. It proves that media moguls, like Rupert Murdoch, impose personal opinion into the news causing society to follow a specific perspective. This investigation attempted to clarify the BBC’s role through-out the Iraq war. The BBC are careful not to commit themselves to a particular perspective however, the BBC are lacking in alternative perspective or expert testimony, they do not provide the service required by the public to present all sides of the story. The BBC are guilty of incorporating the necessary illusions into their reports, in case study 1 it is clear that BBC pushes Blair’s notion that this war will guarantee ‘peace’ in the world deflects attention away from the reality and destruction of the war. BBC condones this by neglecting their duty to provide alternative opinion. Analysis also provided the evidence that suggests Religion is an exceedingly effective way to generate fear for ‘you can’t fight the fear of God.’ Middle Eastern media exploit the public’s faith thus inhibiting the opportunity for the public to question the media and governments motives and limiting the possibility of alternative opinion. Religion itself is not a filter for Chomsky’s propaganda model, but it becomes evident society can be controlled, manipulated and maintained by the ruling elites by merging religion with policy it condones a governments actions as just and beneficial to society. It is clearly evident that there was in fact â€Å"two different versions of this war†[38] but what is learnt from these two different perspectives? 5. 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